Your asset allocation strategy represents
your personal decisions about how much of your portfolio to allocate
to various investment categories, such as stocks, bonds, and short-term
investments. Several concepts are important when considering your
asset allocation strategy:
- While each type of investment tends to
increase in value over time, each is also subject to declines
over the short term. Asset allocation is designed to help protect
investors from this volatility. Various investments are affected
differently by economic events and market factors. Some asset
classes move in opposite directions while others move in the
same direction at varying speeds. By owning different asset types,
it is hoped that when one asset suffers a major decline, other
assets will be increasing in value.
- Market timing is a difficult strategy
to implement, even for professionals. With an asset allocation
policy, you don't have to worry about timing the market, you
just have to make sure your investments stay within the proper
percentages.
- Investments with higher return potential
generally have higher risk and more volatility in year-to-year
returns. While most investors desire higher returns, they may
not be comfortable assuming higher risk levels. Asset allocation
allows you to combine more aggressive investments with less aggressive
ones. This combination can help reduce the overall risk in your
investment portfolio.
- Staying focused on the proper allocation
for your investments will help prevent you from investing in
ones that won't help accomplish your goals.
Your asset allocation strategy will depend
on a variety of factors unique to your situation. Four of the
more important factors include:
Risk tolerance. Carefully
assess your tolerance for risk so you only invest in assets you
are comfortable owning. If you take on too much risk, you may
have difficulty carrying out the strategy. Your risk tolerance
is likely to change over time, either as you become more familiar
with investing or as you age. Familiarity with investing typically
makes you more risk tolerant, while aging may make you more or
less risk averse. Make sure to adjust your asset allocation as
your risk tolerance shifts, so you don't become uncomfortable
with the risk in your portfolio.
Return expectations. To achieve
your investment goals, you need to set realistic expectations
about returns. While past performance is not a guarantee of future
returns, reviewing historical rates of return can help you assess
whether your return expectations are reasonable. Keep in mind
that higher returns generally are accompanied by higher risk.
Time horizon. The longer
your time horizon for investing, the more risk you can typically
tolerate in your portfolio. Investing for long periods through
different market cycles generally reduces the risk of receiving
a lower return than you expected, especially with investments
that can fluctuate significantly over the short term. Typically,
young investors have longer time horizons than older investors,
so they can invest more aggressively.
Preferences regarding
investments. With such a wide variety of investments to choose
from, you should understand the basic aspects of each to decide
which are appropriate for you. If you are not comfortable with
a particular type of investment, you may want to exclude it from
your portfolio.
All of these factors will help determine
how you allocate your investment portfolio. In general, you should
consider a more conservative allocation if you are older, have
short-term needs for your money, have low earnings, have a low
risk tolerance, or are uncomfortable with investing. A more aggressive
allocation may be indicated if you have high earnings, are younger,
do not need your money for many years, or are an experienced investor.
How much impact will your asset allocation
have on your total return? That typically depends on how you invest.
An investor who maintains a fixed mix of stocks and bonds that
mirrors the overall market may find that asset allocation explains
the majority of his/her return. However, an active investor who
trades frequently, tries to time the market, and changes allocations
often may find that asset allocation has a much smaller impact
on return.
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